1: Behav Brain Res. 2006 May 15;169(2):325-34. Epub 2006 Mar 10.
Links
Reduced attention and increased impulsivity in mice lacking NPY Y2 receptors: relation to anxiolytic-like phenotype.
Greco B, Carli M.

Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy.

Neuropeptide (NPY) Y2 receptors play an important role in some anxiety-related and stress-related behaviours in mice. Changes in the level of anxiety can affect some cognitive functions such as memory, attention and inhibitory response control. We investigated the effects of NPY Y2 receptor deletion (Y2(-/-)) in mice on visual attention and response control using the five-choice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task in which accuracy of detection of a brief visual stimulus across five spatial locations may serve as a valid behavioural index of attentional functioning. Anticipatory and perseverative responses provide a measure of inhibitory response control. During training, the Y2(-/-) mice had lower accuracy (% correct), and made more anticipatory responses. At stimulus durations of 2 and 4s the Y2(-/-) were as accurate as the Y2(+/+) mice but still more impulsive than Y(+/+). At stimulus durations of 0.25 and 0.5s both groups performed worse but the Y2(-/-) mice made significantly fewer correct responses than the Y2(+/+) controls. The anxiolytic drug diazepam at 2mg/kg IP greatly increased the anticipatory responding of Y2(-/-) mice compared to Y2(+/+). The anxiogenic inverse benzodiazepine agonist, FG 7142, at 10mg/kg IP reduced the anticipatory responding of Y2(-/-) but not Y2(+/+) mice. These data suggest that NPY Y2 receptors make an important contribution to mechanisms controlling attentional functioning and "impulsivity". They also show that "impulsivity" of NPY Y2(-/-) mice may depend on their level of anxiety. These findings may help in understanding the pathophysiology of stress disorders and depression.

PMID: 16529827 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

NPY2 may have some relationship to ADD/ADHD, etc.

1: Psychiatry Res. 1998 Aug 17;80(2):177-86.
Links
Plasma neuropeptide-Y levels, monoamine metabolism, electrolyte excretion and drinking behavior in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Oades RD, Daniels R, Rascher W.

Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Essen, Germany. oades@uni-essen.de

Against a background of (a) increased drinking behavior in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); (b) the parallel between some behaviors associated with ADHD and hypertension; (c) the use of the spontaneously hypertensive rat as a model for ADHD; and (d) similarities in the changes of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and catecholamine in studies of hypertension and drinking, NPY, catecholamines and electrolyte balance were compared in the plasma and urine of healthy children and those with ADHD. Drinking was monitored during 3 h of neuropsychological tests over 2 days in 14 ADHD and nine healthy children. Patients drank four times as much water and showed twice the levels of NPY found in controls. In controls there were positive and in patients there were negative relationships for NPY with drinking and restless behavior. Patients' plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine were slightly elevated, but urinary levels of NE and the serotonin metabolite were markedly increased. Urinary excretion rates for sodium (not potassium), phosphate and especially calcium were decreased in patients even after covarying for less urine production in the ADHD group. NPY levels were inversely related to calcium excretion and drinking was inversely related to circulating sodium. Increases of drinking and circulating NPY in ADHD children and decreased electrolyte excretion may reflect a common disturbance in metabolic homeostasis.

PMID: 9754697 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Thats the only hit for "ADHD" and "NPY" I found.

wow ...

NPY's pretty

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Neuropeptide_Y.png/250px-Neuropeptide_Y.png

it's
kinda' like a hunter's spear from one perspective and
kinda' like a shepherd's crook from another

and it's kinda' -

like mRNA

where the NPY structure (above) is a protein with an alpha helix linking to a hydrophilic tail - flapping loosely within an aqueous environment

and - mRNA - is a nucleotide polymer - consisting of a chain of bases which may form into a characteristic helical structure -
- when pair bound with their complement -

- and where they too associate with a tail -
a string of A bases -
- the so-called poly-A tail

the polyA tail is a kinda 3' protection which prevents destruction of the messenger species -
- and which has a clear relationship with the mother ship -

DNA
_______________
_______________

double stranded DNA
helical
complementary

where

_______________
_______________

_
are
telomeres

the telomeres are

flapping loosely within an aqueous environment


the coding sequence therefore associates with a tail -


A tail - a kinda 3' protection which prevents destruction of the chromosomal species - Mitosis (cell division) leads to cells

The telomeres - when lost
- sign for meltdown in the cell -
-> cell death

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomere
... ... a tradeoff between aging and cancer


The Cure for Cancer

Recognition through the spectrum of changes occurring through mind that the mind is pushing our body away from simple carbohydrates and into lipid usage.

Cancer thrives through nutrient supply -> simple sugars -> glucose (glycolysis)

- can survive on anaerobic respiration

anaerobic respiration as end pathway within glycolysis
-> lactic acid or ethanol

is disappearing as a valid mechanism for generating energy -
a stipulation is being placed on aerobic respiration using the electron transport chain -

we're losing the capacity to gain energetic sustainance from older evolutionary mechanisms
(usage continues in prokaryotes)

ahhh!
A life of cramp revealed for what it is -
a shift in our pattern of engagement in sport

100m sprints -> Ironman triathlon, ultramarathon and
Tour de France
Tour de France
Tour de France


man!
this is sooo right

the cure for cancer
- a free and nutritional cure for cancer

Additional roles for telomerase include the upregulation of 70 genes known or suspected in cancers' growth and spread through the body, and the activation of glycolysis, which enables cancer cells to rapidly use sugar to facilitate their programmed growth rate.(roughly the growth rate of a fetus)

hee hee!

in the blood stream -
we can eliminate the food supply to the cancerous cell mass -
and thereby starve the tumour.

google#1 with {agave,cancer,glycaemic}
Blue Agave (Agave tequilana) a low-glycemic sweetener « Essential ... (http://aromatherapy4u.wordpress.com/2007/07/27/blue-agave-agave-tequilana-a-low-glycemic-sweetner/)Organic Blue Agave is much sweeter than sugar, but with a glycemic index of only
... Cancer cells feed on sugar.
And sugar lowers the body’s production of ...
<nobr>Cached (http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:LvXOAjautcUJ:aromatherapy4u.wordpre ss.com/2007/07/27/blue-agave-agave-tequilana-a-low-glycemic-sweetner/+agave+cancer+glycaemic&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk&client=firefox-a) - Similar pages (http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=FuF&q=related:aromatherapy4u.wordpress.com/2007/07/27/blue-agave-agave-tequilana-a-low-glycemic-sweetner/)</nobr>

This is really important -

man !
cancer down

:p

elect~ricity


is real important cancer down and correct ... ... ...

NPY

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Neuropeptide_Y.png/250px-Neuropeptide_Y.png

==

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Aum.svg/80px-Aum.svg.png

where

)
..)-)

)
..) == the helix -> slinky
and

-) == the crook

They also show that "impulsivity" of NPY Y2(-/-) mice may depend on their level of anxiety.

That quote from the first abstract got me thinking about the realtionship between anxiety and impulsivity.

1: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 Sep;27(3):421-9.
Links
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors decrease impulsive behavior as measured by an adjusting delay procedure in the pigeon.
Wolff MC, Leander JD.

Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. wolff_mary_c@lilly.com

The inability to delay gratification (reinforcement or reward) is one index of impulsive behavior. In order to measure the willingness of pigeons to delay reinforcement, an adjustable delay schedule was developed that allowed daily approximations of an indifference point between immediate brief access to reinforcer and delayed, longer access to reinforcer. Acute administration of the anxiolytic alprazolam (5 mg/kg) decreased the length of delay tolerated before a larger reinforcement. Likewise, acute administration of the anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg) produced a similar, although not significant, effect. Neither acute nor five daily injections of 8-OH-DPAT, a 5-HT(1A) agonist, or WAY100635, a 5-HT(1A) antagonist, affected the length of the delay period. Chronic (17 day), but not acute injections of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine (10 mg/kg), citalopram (10 mg/kg) and paroxetine (3 mg/kg) increased the delay period. When given in addition to 1 mg/kg of 8-OH-DPAT, but not 1 mg/kg WAY100635, the effect of fluoxetine was accelerated in that the increase in delay was observed earlier in the treatment. These data support the use of SSRIs to decrease impulsive behavior. Addition of a 5-HT(1A) agonist, but not a 5-HT(1A) antagonist, to the SSRI may hasten the therapeutic activity of the SSRI in treating impulsivity.

PMID: 12225699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

anxiolytic alprazolam (5 mg/kg) decreased the length of delay tolerated before a larger reinforcement.

One interpretation of that is the pigeons became more impulsive but another is the pigeons became less tolerate of procrastination. So impulsivity that is not anxiety driven may not be a bad thing.