theta
05-06-08, 05:16 PM
1: Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2007 Sep 5;144(6):781-90.
Links
Investigation of variation in SNAP-25 and ADHD and relationship to co-morbid major depressive disorder.
Kim JW, Biederman J, Arbeitman L, Fagerness J, Doyle AE, Petty C, Perlis RH, Purcell S, Smoller JW, Faraone SV, Sklar P.
Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a protein involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, is a candidate gene for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous investigators have reported association initially with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3746544, rs1051312) and their associated haplotypes. Subsequently, additional SNPs across the region were also reported to be associated with ADHD. We attempted to replicate these observations in a sample of 229 families with ADHD offspring by genotyping 61 SNPs spanning the region containing SNAP-25. A single SNP (rs3787283) which is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs3746544 and rs1051312 (D' = 0.89-0.94) resulted in a nominally significant association (P = 0.002). When we pooled our data with those from prior studies, results were modestly significant for rs3746544 (P = 0.048) and rs6077690 (P = 0.031). As an attempt to determine if specific ADHD-related phenotypes may be more relevant to SNAP-25 than the categorical diagnosis, we carried out exploratory subgroup analysis in our ADHD sample according to co-morbid status. We found the strongest association result in the ADHD patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder (MDD). Six SNPs were nominally associated with the ADHD and co-morbid MDD cases (P = 0.012-0.045). Furthermore, a haplotype block located 11 kb 3' of the gene showed positive evidence for association with this phenotype (global P = 0.013). In conclusion, we report some evidence supporting the association of previously implicated SNPs (rs3746544, rs1051312) of SNAP-25 to ADHD. We further suggest that co-morbidity with MDD may enhance detection of the association between SNAP-25 and ADHD. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 17455213 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1: Mol Cell Biochem. 2008 Jan;307(1-2):169-75. Epub 2007 Oct 2.
Links
Thyroid hormone regulates the expression of SNAP-25 during rat brain development.
Zhang HM, Su Q, Luo M.
Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
Thyroid hormones are major regulators of postnatal brain development. Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors to modulate the expression of specific genes in the brain. We have used microarray analysis to identify novel responsive genes in 14-day-old hypothyroid rat brains, and discovered that synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) was one of the thyroid hormone-responsive genes. SNAP-25 is a presynaptic plasma membrane protein and an integral component of the vesicle docking and fusion machinery mediating secretion of neurotransmitters and is required for neuritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Using microarray analysis we have shown that SNAP-25 was down-regulated in the hypothyroid rat brain compared with the age-matched controls. Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting analysis confirmed that SNAP-25 mRNA and protein levels decreased significantly in the developing hypothyroid rat brain. Our data suggest that in the developing rat brain, SNAP-25 expression is regulated by thyroid hormone, and thyroid hormone deficiency can cause decreased expression of SNAP-25 and this may on some level account for the impaired brain development seen in hypothyroidism.
PMID: 17909947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.medscape.com/infosite/shire-adhd/article-stimulants
http://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.medscape.com/infosite/shire-adhd&hl=en&safe=off&filter=0 (use this link if the first does not work to find the above link[it seems to work when refered from google]).
"Some individuals with ADHD may have difficulties with release of the neurotransmitters, and in those cases, amphetamines would be particularly helpful. There is a gene implicated with ADHD called the SNAP gene—a protein that is key in releasing neurotransmitters. It guides the vesicle that holds the neurotransmitter to the cell wall and facilitates exocytotic release of neurotransmitters. We suspect that individuals with a fault in that gene may have a much higher likelihood of having ADHD. If you have a fault in the SNAP gene, you are going to be releasing too little neurotransmitter. If you're releasing too little neurotransmitter, blocking the uptake will not be as effective as directly releasing neurotransmitter. Perhaps in the future we will be able to do a genetic test on an individual and detect SNAP gene abnormalities to indicate if amphetamines may be more appropriate for them."
Anyway I have hypothyroidism and my mother does. I have major depression and primary inattentive ADHD also. I've read hypothyroidism is more common in women and primary inattentive ADHD is more common in women.
Links
Investigation of variation in SNAP-25 and ADHD and relationship to co-morbid major depressive disorder.
Kim JW, Biederman J, Arbeitman L, Fagerness J, Doyle AE, Petty C, Perlis RH, Purcell S, Smoller JW, Faraone SV, Sklar P.
Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), a protein involved in presynaptic neurotransmitter release, is a candidate gene for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous investigators have reported association initially with two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3746544, rs1051312) and their associated haplotypes. Subsequently, additional SNPs across the region were also reported to be associated with ADHD. We attempted to replicate these observations in a sample of 229 families with ADHD offspring by genotyping 61 SNPs spanning the region containing SNAP-25. A single SNP (rs3787283) which is in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs3746544 and rs1051312 (D' = 0.89-0.94) resulted in a nominally significant association (P = 0.002). When we pooled our data with those from prior studies, results were modestly significant for rs3746544 (P = 0.048) and rs6077690 (P = 0.031). As an attempt to determine if specific ADHD-related phenotypes may be more relevant to SNAP-25 than the categorical diagnosis, we carried out exploratory subgroup analysis in our ADHD sample according to co-morbid status. We found the strongest association result in the ADHD patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder (MDD). Six SNPs were nominally associated with the ADHD and co-morbid MDD cases (P = 0.012-0.045). Furthermore, a haplotype block located 11 kb 3' of the gene showed positive evidence for association with this phenotype (global P = 0.013). In conclusion, we report some evidence supporting the association of previously implicated SNPs (rs3746544, rs1051312) of SNAP-25 to ADHD. We further suggest that co-morbidity with MDD may enhance detection of the association between SNAP-25 and ADHD. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 17455213 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1: Mol Cell Biochem. 2008 Jan;307(1-2):169-75. Epub 2007 Oct 2.
Links
Thyroid hormone regulates the expression of SNAP-25 during rat brain development.
Zhang HM, Su Q, Luo M.
Department of Endocrinology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
Thyroid hormones are major regulators of postnatal brain development. Thyroid hormones act through nuclear receptors to modulate the expression of specific genes in the brain. We have used microarray analysis to identify novel responsive genes in 14-day-old hypothyroid rat brains, and discovered that synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) was one of the thyroid hormone-responsive genes. SNAP-25 is a presynaptic plasma membrane protein and an integral component of the vesicle docking and fusion machinery mediating secretion of neurotransmitters and is required for neuritic outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Using microarray analysis we have shown that SNAP-25 was down-regulated in the hypothyroid rat brain compared with the age-matched controls. Real-time RT-PCR and western blotting analysis confirmed that SNAP-25 mRNA and protein levels decreased significantly in the developing hypothyroid rat brain. Our data suggest that in the developing rat brain, SNAP-25 expression is regulated by thyroid hormone, and thyroid hormone deficiency can cause decreased expression of SNAP-25 and this may on some level account for the impaired brain development seen in hypothyroidism.
PMID: 17909947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
http://www.medscape.com/infosite/shire-adhd/article-stimulants
http://www.google.com/search?q=http://www.medscape.com/infosite/shire-adhd&hl=en&safe=off&filter=0 (use this link if the first does not work to find the above link[it seems to work when refered from google]).
"Some individuals with ADHD may have difficulties with release of the neurotransmitters, and in those cases, amphetamines would be particularly helpful. There is a gene implicated with ADHD called the SNAP gene—a protein that is key in releasing neurotransmitters. It guides the vesicle that holds the neurotransmitter to the cell wall and facilitates exocytotic release of neurotransmitters. We suspect that individuals with a fault in that gene may have a much higher likelihood of having ADHD. If you have a fault in the SNAP gene, you are going to be releasing too little neurotransmitter. If you're releasing too little neurotransmitter, blocking the uptake will not be as effective as directly releasing neurotransmitter. Perhaps in the future we will be able to do a genetic test on an individual and detect SNAP gene abnormalities to indicate if amphetamines may be more appropriate for them."
Anyway I have hypothyroidism and my mother does. I have major depression and primary inattentive ADHD also. I've read hypothyroidism is more common in women and primary inattentive ADHD is more common in women.